Lower left abdominal pain can come from something as simple as constipation or intestinal gas, but the same area can also hurt with diverticulitis, kidney stones, urinary infections, bowel obstruction, reproductive-organ conditions, or other illnesses that require medical evaluation.

The location provides an important clue, but it does not diagnose the problem by itself. Clinicians often refer to this area as the left lower quadrant, or LLQ, and several organs and structures can produce pain there, including the descending and sigmoid colon, portions of the urinary tract, abdominal-wall muscles, and—in people with ovaries—the left ovary and fallopian tube.

One particularly important cause is diverticulitis, which commonly produces lower-left abdominal pain and may also cause fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea.¹

Other causes may produce very different clues. A kidney stone may cause severe pain that comes in waves and travels toward the groin.⁴ A bladder infection may produce lower-abdominal discomfort together with burning or frequent urination.⁵ Pregnancy-associated abdominal pain requires special consideration because an ectopic pregnancy can become life-threatening if it ruptures.⁶

The most useful questions therefore are:

• How suddenly did the pain begin?
• Is it mild, moderate, or severe?
• Is it constant or does it come in waves?
• Is there fever?
• Have your bowel movements changed?
• Is there vomiting?
• Is there blood in the stool or urine?
• Do you have urinary symptoms?
• Could you be pregnant?
• Is the pain getting progressively worse?

This guide explains common causes of lower left abdominal pain, symptoms that deserve medical attention, and when urgent care versus the emergency department may be appropriate.

Important: This article provides general medical education and cannot diagnose the cause of abdominal pain. Severe, rapidly worsening, persistent, or otherwise concerning abdominal pain should be professionally evaluated.

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Where Is the Lower Left Abdomen?

Imagine dividing the abdomen into four sections.

The left lower quadrant is the area below the belly button and toward the left side of the body.

Structures located in or near this region include:

• The descending colon
• The sigmoid colon
• Portions of the small intestine
• The left ureter
• The bladder toward the center of the lower abdomen
• Abdominal-wall muscles
• The left ovary and fallopian tube in people with female reproductive organs

Pain originating in another area can also sometimes be referred toward the lower abdomen.

That is why the precise location matters, but a clinician also evaluates bowel, urinary, gynecologic, musculoskeletal, and systemic symptoms. Also see abdominal pain and when to worry.

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What Causes Lower Left Abdominal Pain?

There is a broad differential diagnosis. Some of the most common or clinically important causes are discussed below.

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1. Constipation

Constipation is one of the more common explanations for lower abdominal discomfort.

Symptoms can include:

• Fewer bowel movements than usual
• Hard or dry stool
• Difficulty passing stool
• Straining
• Feeling incompletely emptied
• Abdominal bloating
• Abdominal discomfort

Constipation may occur with changes in diet, low fiber intake, dehydration, medication effects, decreased activity, travel, or certain medical conditions.

However, abdominal pain should not automatically be blamed on constipation, particularly if the pain is severe, constant, progressively worsening, or associated with vomiting, inability to pass gas, fever, rectal bleeding, or unexplained weight loss. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases recommends prompt medical attention when constipation accompanies constant abdominal pain, inability to pass gas, vomiting, fever, or blood in the stool.²

Clues that constipation may be contributing

Pain may improve after having a bowel movement, and bloating or hard stools may be prominent.

If bowel movements are normal and there are significant systemic symptoms, another diagnosis becomes more likely.

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2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS, is a chronic disorder involving abdominal pain and altered bowel habits.

The NIDDK describes abdominal pain related to bowel movements and changes in bowel movements as key features of IBS.³

Someone with IBS may experience:

• Abdominal cramping
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Alternating diarrhea and constipation
• Bloating
• Symptoms that improve or change after bowel movements

IBS does not cause structural destruction of the bowel, but it can significantly affect quality of life.

A previous diagnosis of IBS should not cause every new episode of abdominal pain to be automatically attributed to IBS.

New alarm features such as:

• GI bleeding
• Persistent fever
• Unintentional weight loss
• Significant vomiting
• Severe localized tenderness
• New symptoms very different from the person’s usual IBS pattern

warrant additional evaluation.

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3. Diverticulitis

One of the most important causes of left lower abdominal pain, particularly in adults, is diverticulitis.

Diverticula are small pouches that can form in the colon wall. When one or more become inflamed, the condition is called diverticulitis.

According to NIDDK, diverticulitis may cause:

• Abdominal pain, most often in the lower left abdomen
• Constipation or diarrhea
• Fever and chills
• Nausea or vomiting¹

The pain can begin suddenly and severely, although it can also start more mildly and worsen over several days.¹

What does diverticulitis pain feel like?

Patients often describe a persistent ache or tenderness in the lower-left abdomen.

Unlike intestinal gas, which may migrate around the abdomen, diverticulitis pain may remain relatively localized.

When does diverticulitis become more serious?

Complications can include:

• Abscess
• Bowel obstruction
• Fistula formation
• Colon perforation
• Peritonitis¹

These complications may require hospitalization, drainage procedures, or surgery depending on the situation.¹

Severe worsening LLQ pain with fever, repeated vomiting, abdominal rigidity, or significant illness should therefore receive prompt medical attention.

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4. Intestinal Gas

Gas can produce surprisingly sharp abdominal pain.

Pain from intestinal gas may:

• Come and go
• Move to different locations
• Occur with bloating
• Improve after passing gas
• Improve after a bowel movement

Gas can accumulate after eating certain foods or because of altered intestinal movement.

The difficulty is that gas is a diagnosis people frequently make themselves, sometimes when a more significant abdominal condition is developing.

If the pain is severe, becoming localized, progressively worsening, or associated with fever, vomiting, blood in the stool, or inability to pass stool or gas, it should not simply be assumed to be trapped gas.

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5. Kidney Stones

A kidney stone can sometimes cause lower left abdominal pain, particularly as the stone travels from the kidney through the ureter toward the bladder.

Kidney-stone pain is often distinctive.

Symptoms may include:

• Severe pain in the side or back
• Pain radiating into the lower abdomen
• Pain radiating toward the groin
• Blood in the urine
• Frequent urge to urinate
• Painful urination
• Nausea
• Vomiting⁴

The pain may come and go in waves as the ureter contracts around the stone.⁴

Kidney stone versus diverticulitis

Both can produce significant abdominal discomfort.

However:

Kidney stone: pain commonly radiates from the flank toward the groin and may occur in waves.

Diverticulitis: pain is commonly localized in the lower-left abdomen and may occur with fever and bowel changes.

Neither pattern is absolute, and diagnostic testing may be necessary.

Kidney stone with fever

Severe flank or abdominal pain plus fever or chills deserves urgent evaluation because urinary obstruction combined with infection can become serious.

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6. Urinary Tract Infection

A bladder infection can produce pain or pressure in the lower abdomen.

Other symptoms commonly include:

• Burning during urination
• Frequent urination
• Strong urinary urgency
• Cloudy urine
• Bloody urine
• Strong-smelling urine⁵

These symptoms make a urinary cause more likely than a gastrointestinal one.⁵

If infection spreads to the kidneys, symptoms may include fever, chills, back or flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Kidney infection requires prompt medical treatment because it can occasionally progress to sepsis.⁷ Also see urinary symptoms and when to seek care.

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7. Abdominal Muscle Strain

Not all lower abdominal pain comes from an internal organ.

The abdominal-wall muscles can become strained after:

• Heavy lifting
• Exercise
• Repetitive movement
• Forceful coughing
• Sudden twisting
• Sports activity

Musculoskeletal pain may become worse when:

• Twisting the trunk
• Sitting up
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Contracting the abdominal muscles

There may be a clear activity or injury preceding the pain.

However, the fact that pain changes with movement does not completely rule out an internal abdominal condition.

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8. Hernia

A hernia occurs when tissue protrudes through a weak area in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue.

Groin or lower-abdominal hernias may produce:

• A noticeable bulge
• Aching
• Pressure
• Burning
• Pain during lifting or straining

NIDDK notes that inguinal-hernia symptoms may worsen with lifting, coughing, straining, or prolonged standing and improve with rest or lying down.⁸

When can a hernia become an emergency?

A hernia becomes more concerning if the bulge becomes:

• Very painful
• Firm
• Discolored
• Impossible to push back in when it previously reduced

particularly when accompanied by vomiting, abdominal distention, or inability to pass stool or gas.

This can suggest incarceration or strangulation and warrants emergency evaluation.

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Lower Left Abdominal Pain in Women

People with ovaries have several additional potential causes of left lower abdominal or pelvic pain.

The relationship to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy possibility, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and suddenness of pain can be particularly important.

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9. Ovulation Pain

Some people experience one-sided lower-abdominal or pelvic discomfort around the time of ovulation.

This is commonly called mittelschmerz.

It tends to occur around the middle of the menstrual cycle and may affect either side depending on which ovary is ovulating.

Pain is generally short-lived and not associated with significant systemic illness.

Severe or persistent pain should not automatically be attributed to ovulation.

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10. Ovarian Cyst

Ovarian cysts are common and many do not cause symptoms.

When symptomatic, they may cause:

• Lower-abdominal or pelvic discomfort
• Pressure
• Bloating
• One-sided pain

Most adnexal masses are benign, but evaluation depends on symptoms, age, imaging characteristics, and other clinical factors.⁹

Sudden severe pelvic pain is different from mild chronic discomfort because complications such as rupture or ovarian torsion may need to be considered.

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11. Ovarian Torsion

Ovarian torsion occurs when an ovary twists around its supporting structures, potentially reducing its blood supply.

This is a gynecologic emergency because prolonged interruption of circulation can damage the ovary.

Pain is commonly:

• Sudden
• Severe
• One-sided

and nausea or vomiting may occur.

A known ovarian cyst or mass can increase suspicion, although torsion can occur without a large mass. ACOG emphasizes timely diagnosis and surgical management because preserving ovarian function is the goal.⁹

Sudden severe unilateral pelvic or lower-abdominal pain—particularly with nausea or vomiting—should receive urgent emergency assessment.

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12. Ectopic Pregnancy

Pregnancy must be considered in reproductive-age patients with unexplained abdominal or pelvic pain when pregnancy is biologically possible.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the main uterine cavity, most often within a fallopian tube.

It cannot continue normally and can cause life-threatening internal bleeding if rupture occurs.⁶

Early symptoms may include:

• Pelvic or lower-abdominal pain
• Vaginal spotting or bleeding
• Missed period
• Pregnancy symptoms

Emergency warning signs include:

• Severe abdominal or pelvic pain
• Vaginal bleeding
• Shoulder pain
• Severe lightheadedness
• Fainting
• Shock⁶

A critical point

A pregnancy test should be considered early when evaluating unexplained lower-abdominal pain in someone who could be pregnant.

Do not assume pain is simply menstrual cramping until pregnancy-related emergencies have been appropriately considered.

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Lower Left Abdominal Pain With Vomiting

Vomiting changes the urgency of abdominal pain.

Possible causes include:

• Gastroenteritis
• Diverticulitis
• Kidney stone
• Bowel obstruction
• Ovarian torsion
• Other gastrointestinal or pelvic emergencies

Repeated vomiting can also lead to dehydration.

A bowel obstruction may produce abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, constipation, and inability to pass gas. NIDDK advises immediate medical care for symptoms of intestinal obstruction because it can become life-threatening.¹⁰ Also see vomiting and signs of dehydration.

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Lower Left Abdominal Pain With Diarrhea

Abdominal pain and diarrhea may occur with:

• Gastroenteritis
• IBS
• Diverticulitis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Foodborne illness
• Medication effects
• Other intestinal conditions

Bloody diarrhea, persistent fever, significant dehydration, severe localized pain, or prolonged symptoms deserves medical evaluation.

Inflammatory bowel conditions such as ulcerative colitis can produce abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea.¹¹

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Lower Left Abdominal Pain With Blood in the Stool

Visible blood in the stool should not automatically be attributed to hemorrhoids.

Possible sources include:

• Hemorrhoids
• Anal fissures
• Diverticular disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Colitis
• Polyps
• Tumors
• Other gastrointestinal bleeding sources

NIDDK notes that diverticular disease is one possible cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding.¹²

Seek prompt evaluation for significant bleeding, black/tarry stools, weakness, fainting, rapid heart rate, or worsening abdominal pain.

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When Should You Worry About Lower Left Abdominal Pain?

The severity, progression, and accompanying symptoms matter more than the location alone.

Seek timely medical evaluation when LLQ pain:

• Persists or progressively worsens
• Is moderate to severe
• Is associated with fever
• Causes repeated vomiting
• Occurs with urinary symptoms
• Occurs with blood in the stool
• Is associated with vaginal bleeding
• Occurs during possible pregnancy
• Is associated with abdominal swelling
• Prevents normal activity
• Is markedly different from previous episodes

Also see when abdominal pain should be evaluated.

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When Is Lower Left Abdominal Pain an Emergency?

Go to the emergency department or seek emergency help for:

• Sudden severe abdominal or pelvic pain
• Severe pain that is rapidly worsening
• A rigid or very tender abdomen
• Fainting or near-fainting
• Significant GI bleeding
• Vomiting blood
• Persistent vomiting with inability to keep fluids down
• Severe abdominal distention
• Inability to pass stool or gas with significant pain and vomiting
• Severe pain during pregnancy or possible pregnancy
• Abdominal pain with heavy vaginal bleeding
• Sudden severe one-sided pelvic pain with nausea or vomiting
• Severe abdominal pain with fever and significant illness
• Signs of shock such as extreme weakness, confusion, fainting, or cold/clammy skin

An ectopic pregnancy can cause life-threatening internal bleeding, while intestinal obstruction and complicated diverticulitis can also require emergency treatment.¹˒⁶˒¹⁰

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Should You Go to Urgent Care for Lower Left Abdominal Pain?

Urgent care may be appropriate for stable, mild-to-moderate abdominal symptoms without obvious emergency warning signs, depending on the clinic’s capabilities.

An urgent care clinician may be able to:

• Obtain vital signs
• Examine the abdomen
• Perform urinalysis
• Perform a pregnancy test
• Order selected laboratory tests
• Evaluate urinary symptoms
• Assess for constipation
• Determine whether the presentation appears low-risk

However, abdominal pain can require testing that many urgent care centers do not have readily available.

For example, suspected:

• Diverticulitis
• Bowel obstruction
• Ovarian torsion
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Complicated kidney stone
• Internal bleeding

may require advanced imaging, ultrasound, CT scanning, specialist evaluation, or hospital-level treatment.

Being referred from urgent care to the ER does not necessarily mean the clinician believes you definitely have a dangerous condition. It often means the dangerous possibilities cannot be safely excluded with the resources available in the clinic.

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How Is Lower Left Abdominal Pain Evaluated?

Diagnosis begins with the history.

A clinician may ask:

• When did the pain start?
• Did it begin suddenly or gradually?
• Where exactly is it?
• Has the pain moved?
• Is it sharp, cramping, aching, or burning?
• Is it constant or intermittent?
• Does eating affect it?
• Does having a bowel movement affect it?
• When was your last bowel movement?
• Are you passing gas?
• Is there diarrhea?
• Is there blood in the stool?
• Is there fever?
• Are you vomiting?
• Do you have urinary burning or frequency?
• Is there blood in your urine?
• Could you be pregnant?
• Is there vaginal bleeding or discharge?
• Have you had abdominal surgery before?
• Have you previously had diverticulitis or kidney stones?

The physical examination may evaluate:

• Abdominal tenderness
• Guarding
• Rebound or peritoneal signs
• Abdominal distention
• Bowel sounds
• Hernias
• Costovertebral-angle tenderness
• Pelvic findings when indicated

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What Tests Might Be Needed?

Testing depends on the suspected cause.

Urinalysis

Urinalysis can provide clues for:

• UTI
• Blood from a kidney stone
• Other urinary conditions

It does not independently diagnose every urinary disorder.

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Pregnancy Test

Pregnancy testing is important when pregnancy is possible because it changes both the differential diagnosis and imaging/treatment decisions.

A positive pregnancy test plus abdominal or pelvic pain requires consideration of ectopic pregnancy until the pregnancy’s location is appropriately established.

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Blood Tests

Depending on the situation, clinicians may check:

• Complete blood count
• Electrolytes
• Kidney function
• Liver tests
• Inflammatory markers
• Other targeted laboratory studies

Laboratory findings are interpreted together with the history and physical examination rather than in isolation.

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CT Scan

CT imaging is commonly used when clinicians are concerned about conditions such as diverticulitis, bowel obstruction, kidney stones, or other abdominal disease.

Imaging decisions depend on:

• Patient age
• Pregnancy status
• Symptoms
• Examination findings
• Previous diagnoses
• Clinical risk

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Ultrasound

Ultrasound is particularly useful when evaluating pelvic and reproductive-organ conditions.

It may be used to assess:

• Pregnancy location
• Ovarian cysts
• Ovarian blood flow
• Other pelvic pathology

A suspected gynecologic emergency should not be delayed while attempting prolonged home treatment.

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What Can You Do at Home for Mild Lower Left Abdominal Pain?

If the pain is mild, improving, and there are no warning signs, conservative monitoring may sometimes be reasonable.

Possible measures include:

Hydration

Drink an appropriate amount of water unless you have been medically advised to restrict fluids because of heart, kidney, or another condition.

Light meals

If the stomach feels unsettled, smaller meals may be more comfortable temporarily.

Avoid unnecessary medications

Do not start antibiotics, laxatives, or leftover prescription medications simply because abdominal pain is present.

A laxative could be inappropriate when intestinal obstruction is possible, and antibiotics are not indicated for every cause of abdominal pain.

Monitor symptoms

Pay attention to whether:

• Pain is improving or worsening
• Fever develops
• Vomiting develops
• Bowel habits change
• Urinary symptoms appear
• Blood appears in stool or urine
• New pelvic symptoms develop

The trend over several hours can sometimes be more informative than one isolated pain score.

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Can Gas or Constipation Cause Sharp Lower Left Pain?

Yes.

Gas can produce sharp, intermittent discomfort, and constipation may produce pressure, cramping, or aching in the lower abdomen.

However, persistent localized tenderness is less reassuring than brief migrating gas pains, particularly when associated with fever or systemic symptoms.

Someone experiencing new significant LLQ tenderness should not repeatedly self-treat as constipation without reconsidering the diagnosis if symptoms are worsening.

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Is Lower Left Abdominal Pain Usually Diverticulitis?

No.

Diverticulitis is an important cause, especially in adults, but lower-left abdominal pain can also arise from constipation, IBS, urinary problems, kidney stones, gynecologic conditions, muscle strain, hernias, and numerous other disorders.

Diverticulitis becomes more plausible when persistent LLQ pain occurs with fever, bowel changes, nausea, or localized tenderness.¹

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Frequently Asked Questions

Why does my lower left abdomen hurt?

Common possibilities include constipation, intestinal gas, IBS, diverticulitis, kidney stones, urinary infection, abdominal-wall strain, hernia, and reproductive-organ conditions.

The accompanying symptoms help narrow the diagnosis.

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What organ is on the lower left side of the abdomen?

The lower-left abdomen includes portions of the colon, small intestine, urinary tract, abdominal wall, and—depending on anatomy—the left ovary and fallopian tube.

Several neighboring structures can also refer pain into the area.

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When should I worry about lower left abdominal pain?

Seek medical evaluation when pain is severe, worsening, persistent, associated with fever, vomiting, bleeding, inability to pass gas or stool, urinary symptoms, or pregnancy-related symptoms. Also see abdominal pain warning signs.

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Can constipation cause lower left abdominal pain?

Yes.

Constipation may cause bloating, cramping, and lower abdominal discomfort. However, constant abdominal pain, vomiting, inability to pass gas, fever, or blood in the stool are warning signs requiring medical attention.²

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What does diverticulitis feel like?

Diverticulitis commonly causes pain in the lower-left abdomen and may also cause fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea.¹

An examination and sometimes imaging are required to confirm the diagnosis.

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Can a kidney stone cause lower left abdominal pain?

Yes.

Kidney-stone pain can occur in the back, side, lower abdomen, or groin and may come in waves. Blood in the urine, urinary urgency, nausea, and vomiting can accompany the pain.⁴

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Can a UTI cause lower abdominal pain?

Yes.

Bladder infections may cause lower-abdominal discomfort along with burning urination, urinary urgency, frequent urination, and cloudy or bloody urine.⁵

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Is lower left abdominal pain dangerous during pregnancy?

It can be.

Many non-emergency causes of discomfort occur during pregnancy, but abdominal or pelvic pain with vaginal bleeding, severe pain, shoulder pain, fainting, or marked lightheadedness can occur with ectopic pregnancy and requires emergency assessment.⁶

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Can IBS cause pain only on the left side?

IBS can cause abdominal pain in different locations and is often associated with bowel movements and altered stool frequency or consistency.³

New severe localized pain or alarm symptoms should not automatically be attributed to IBS.

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What does lower-left pain with fever mean?

Fever suggests an inflammatory or infectious process and makes diagnoses such as diverticulitis or urinary infection more concerning, depending on other symptoms.

Persistent focal pain plus fever should be medically evaluated.

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The Bottom Line

Lower left abdominal pain has many possible causes.

Common or important possibilities include:

• Constipation
• Gas
• IBS
• Diverticulitis
• Kidney stones
• Urinary tract infection
• Abdominal muscle strain
• Hernia
• Ovarian cysts or torsion
• Ectopic pregnancy

The exact location provides a clue, but associated symptoms determine much of the urgency.

Mild discomfort associated with constipation or gas may improve with time and conservative measures. Persistent LLQ pain accompanied by fever and bowel changes may suggest diverticulitis.¹ Pain that radiates from the side toward the groin may indicate a kidney stone.⁴ Burning or frequent urination may point toward a urinary infection.⁵

Sudden severe pelvic pain, significant GI bleeding, persistent vomiting, a rigid abdomen, inability to pass gas, fainting, or significant pain during possible pregnancy requires a much lower threshold for emergency evaluation.⁶˒¹⁰

When abdominal pain is new, persistent, progressively worsening, or substantially different from anything you’ve experienced before, an in-person examination is often more useful than trying to identify the cause based only on location.

Read our complete guide to abdominal pain and when to worry.

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References

1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of diverticular disease. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Diverticular Disease: Symptoms & Causes
2. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of constipation. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Constipation: Symptoms & Causes
3. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Irritable Bowel Syndrome
4. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of kidney stones. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Kidney Stones: Symptoms & Causes
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of bladder infection in adults. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Bladder Infection: Symptoms & Causes
6. Mayo Clinic. Ectopic pregnancy: Symptoms and causes. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Accessed August 10, 2026. Mayo Clinic — Ectopic Pregnancy
7. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of kidney infection (pyelonephritis). National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Kidney Infection: Symptoms & Causes
8. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Inguinal hernia. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Inguinal Hernia
9. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Adnexal torsion in adolescents. Committee Opinion No. 783. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2019. ACOG — Adnexal Torsion
10. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Abdominal adhesions. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Abdominal Adhesions and Intestinal Obstruction
11. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Ulcerative colitis. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Ulcerative Colitis
12. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Symptoms & causes of gastrointestinal bleeding. National Institutes of Health. Accessed August 10, 2026. NIDDK — Gastrointestinal Bleeding